Умная толпа - Говард Рейнгольд

44. Will Knight, «Tiny Radio Chip Gives Paper an ID», New Scientist, 4 July 2001, «http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns9999967» (3 February 2002); «Hitachi Announces Worlds Smallest RFID 1С, the mu-chip», 5 July 2001, «http://www.hitachi.com/products/electronic/ semiconductorcomponent/elecrfid/» (5 February 2002).

45. Kris Pister, Joe Kahn, and Bernhard Boser, «Smart Dust: Autonomous Sensing and Communication in a Cubic Millimeter», Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, «http://www.-bsac.EECS.Berkeley.EDU/~pister/ SmartDust/» (2 February 2002).

46. Duncan Graham-Rowe, «Dust Bugs», New Scientist, 28 August 1999, «http://www.-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/~warneke/research/press/ newscientist.html» (30 January 2002).

47. Jack Smith, «Computer in a Speck of Dust», ABCNEWS.com, 22 November 1999, «http://www.rense.com/politics5/minitech_p.htm» (3 February 2002).

48. Jun Rekimoto, «NaviCam: A Magnifying Glass Approach to Augmented Reality Systems», Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 6, 4 (1997): 339-412.

49. Jun Rekimoto, «http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/rekimoto.html» (3 February 2002).

50. Neil Gershenfeld, When Things Start to Think (New York: Henry Holt, 1999).

51. William Butera, «Programming a Paintable Computer», (Ph. D. diss, MIT, 2002), «http://web.media.mit.edu/~vmb/papers/buteraphd.pdf» (July 2002).

52. Gershenfeld, When Things Start to Think, 10.

53. Steve Mann and Hal Niedzviecki, Cyborg: Digital Destiny and Human Possibility in the Age of the Wearable Computer (Mississauga: Doubleday Canada, 2001), 30.

54. «A Brief History of Wearable Computing», «http://wearables.www.media.mit.edu/projects/wearables/lizzy/timeliiie.html#1989» (3 February 2002).

55. J. Peter Bade, G. Q. Maguire Jr., and David F Bantz, The IBM/ Columbia Student Electronic Notebook Project, 29 June 1990.

56. «A Brief History of Wearable Computing».

57. The Wearable Group at Carnegie Mellon, «http://www.wearablegroup.org/» (6 March 2002). See also: VuMan, «http://www.-2.cs.cmu.edu/~wearable/vuman.html» (6 March 2002).

58. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg, 42.

59. Cyberman, directed by Peter Lynch, «http://cbc.ca/cyberman/» (29 March 2002).

60. Thad Starrier, «Wearable Computing and Context Awareness» (Ph. D. diss., MIT, 1999), 64.

61. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg, 71.

62. Steve Mann, «Smart Clothing: The Shift to Wearable Computing», Proceedings of CACM 39 (August 1996): 23-24.

63. «The MIThril Vision», «http://www.media.mit.edu/wearables/ mithril/vision.html» (21 January 2002).

64. Scott Stemberger, «New Body Art: Wearable Wireless Devices», IBM DeveloperWorks, January 2002, «http://www.-106.ibm.com/ developerworks/wireless/library/wi-wear.html?t=gr,p=Wearem-Wireless» (3 February 2002).

65. Wearable Internet Appliance, «http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Prod/ vims/wia/eng/main.html» (3 February 2002).

66. «Timex Watch to Incorporate Speedpass Technology», Associated Press, 28 February 2002, «http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/ review/2002/2/28/timexspeedpass.htm» (6 March 2002).

Глава 5

1. Epigraph: Bruce Sterling, Distraction, A Novel (New York: Bantam, 1998).

2. Upendra Shardanand and Pattie Maes, «Social Information Filtering-Algorithms for Automating Word of Mouth», Proceedings of ACM CHF95 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1995, «http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/Electronic/documnts/papers/us_bdy.htm» (9 February 2002).

3. Cameron Barrett, «Online Community Technologies and Concepts», Camworld.com, December 2001, «http://www.camworld.com/ essays/communities.html» (9 February 2002).

4. Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993).

5. Howard Rheingold, «Virtual Communities», Whole Earth Review 61 (Winter 1988): 14.

6. David Goldberg et al., «Using Collaborative Filtering to Weave an Information Tapestry», Communications of the ACM 35 (December 1992): 61-70.

7. Usenet FAQ Archive, «ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-hierar-chy/» (9 February 2002).

8. Paul Resnick et al., «GroupLens: An Open Architecture for Collaborative Filtering of Netnews», Proceedings of ACM 1994 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 1994, 175-186, «http:// www.si.umich.edu/~presnick/papers/cscw94/» (9 February 2002).

9. The Reputations Research Network, «http://databases.si.umich. edu/reputations/» (14 January 2002).

10. MovieLens, «http://movielens.umn.edu/» (9 February 2002).

11. Hui Guo, Thomas Kreifelts, and Angi Voss, «SOaP: Social Filtering through Social Agents», report of ECRIM Workshop Proceedings, No. 98/W001 of the 5th DELOS Workshop on Filtering and Collaborative Filtering, 291-298, «http://www.ercim.org/publication/ws-proceedings/ DELOS5/guo.pdf» (10 February 2002).

12. Steven Johnson, Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software (New York: Scribner, 2001).

13. Epinions, «http://www.epinions.com» (9 February 2002).

14. Mark Frauenfelder, «Revenge of the Know-It-Ails», Wired 8.07, July 2000, «http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive/8.07/egoboo.html» (31 January 2002).

15. Katie Hafner, «Web Sites Begin to Self Organize», New York Times, 18 January 2001, «http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/18/technol-ogy/18SELF.html» (24 January 2002).

16. Everything2, «http://www.everything2.com/» (9 February 2002).

17. Blogger, «http://www.blogger.com» (5 February 2002).

18. Farhad Manjoo, «Blah, Blah, Blah, and Blog», Wired News, 18 February 2002, «http://www.wired.eom/news/print/0,1294,50443,00. htrnl» (24 February 2002).

19. Henry Jenkins, «Digital Renaissance», Technology Review, March 2002, «http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/jenkins0302.asp» (24 February 2002).

20. Slashdot FAQ, «http://slashdot.org/faq/» (9 February 2002).

21. eBay «http://pages.ebay.com/community/aboutebay/overview/index.html» (5 February 2002).

22. Peter Kollock, «The Production of Trust in Online Markets», in Advances in Group Processes 16, ed. E. J. Lawler et al. (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1999), «http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/ kollock/papers/online_trust.htm» (9 February 2002).

23. «Crime Low on eBay Site», Marin Independent Journal, 29 December 2000, B4, B6.

24. Judith H. Dobryzynski, «In Online Auctions, Rings of Bidders», New York Times, 2 June 2000, «http://www.nytimes.com/library/ tech/00/06/biztech/articles/02ebay.html» (11 January 2002).

25. Peter Kollock, «The Production of Trust in Online Markets», 99.

26. Paul Resnick and Richard Zeckhauser, «Trust Among Strangers in Internet Transactions: Empirical Analysis of eBay's Reputation System», Working Paper for the NBER Workshop on Empirical Studies of Electronic Commerce, 5 February 2001, «http://www.si. umich.edu/ ~presnick/papers/ebayNBER/index.html» (10 February 2002).

27. Paul Resnick et al., «Reputation Systems», Communications of the ACM, 43 (December 2000), «http://www.si. umich.edu/~presnick/ papers/cacmOO/reputations.pdf» (9 February 2002).

28. «Reputation Bibliography», The Reputations Research Network, «http://databases.si.umich.edu/reputations/bib/bib.html» (23 October 2001).

29. Richard Lethin, «Reputation», в книге Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly and Associates, 2001).

30. William Stallings, «How to Certify Public Keys Without a Central Authority», Byte, February 1995, «http://www.byte.com/art/9502/secl3/ art4.htm» (9 February 2002).

31. Chrysanthos Dellarocas, «Building Trust On-Line: The Design of Reliable Reputation Reporting Mechanisms for Online Trading Communities», [email protected], July 2001, «http://ebusiness.mit.edu/research/ papers/101%20Dellarocas,%20Trust%20Management.pdf» (19 September 2001).

32. Kirsten Hawkes, «Why Hunter-Gatherers Work: An Ancient Version of the Problem of Public Goods», Current Anthropology 34, 4 (1993): 341-361.

33. Josh Whitfield, «Men Fish for Compliments», Nature 9 (April 2001), «http://www.nature.com/nsu/010412/010412-l.html» (9 February 2002).

34. G. Pollock and L. A. Dugatkin, «Reciprocity and the Evolution of Reputation», Journal of Theoretical Biology 159 (1992): 25-37.

35. Robin Dunbar, «Why Gossip Is Good for You», New Scientist 21 November 1992.

36. Karl Sigmund, Ernst Fehr, and Martin A. Nowak, «The Economics of Fair Play», Scientific American, January 2002, 83-87.

37. Ernst Fehr and Simon Gachter, «Altruistic Punishment in Humans», Nature 415 (2002): 137-140.

38. Karl Sigmund, Christoph Hauert, and Martin A. Nowak, «Reward and Punishment in Minigames», paper presented at conference in Steyr, Austria, July 6-7, 2001, «http://www.umass.edu/preferen/mpapers/ Sigmund.pdf» (9 February 2002).

39. Natalie Angier, «The Urge to Punish Cheats: Not Just Human, but Selfless», New York Times, 22 January 2002, «http://www.nytimes. com/2002/01/022/science/social/22CHEA.html» (23 January 2002).

40. Marc A. Smith, «Mapping Social Cyberspaces: Measures and Maps of Usenet, a Computer Mediated Social Space» (Ph. D. diss., UCLA, 2001), 157-158.

Глава 6

1. Ben Charny, «MobileStar Lays Off Staff, Seeks Sale», CNET News.com, 10 October 2001, «http://news.com.com/2100-1033-274214. html?legacy=cnet» (21 February 2002).

2. Mark Ashurst, «Africa: Now, a 'Quiet Revolution': Mobile Phones Leapfrog an Obstacle to Development», Newsweek International, 27 August 2001. See also: Stefan Lehmann, «Wireless Brings the World to Africa», Connect-World Africa 2001, October 2001, «http://www.connect-world.com/docs/articles/cwafricaOl/lehmann_radio_cwafrica01.asp» (22 February 2002).

3. Rob Flickenger, «802. lib Tips, Tricks, and Facts», O'Reilly Network, 2 March 2001, «http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/wire-less/2001/03/02/802. llb_facts.html» (21 Febraary 2002).

4. «Communications Law: An Overview», Legal Information Institute (Cornell Law School), «http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/com-munications.html» (21 February 2002). See also: «Communications Act Of 1934», Federal Communications Commission, «http://www.fcc.gov/ Reports/1934new.pdf» (21 February 2002).

5. Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus Books, 2001).

6. R. H. Coase, «The Federal Communications Commission», Journal of Law and Economics 2 (1959): 10.

7. Lawrence Lessig, «The Internet Under Siege», Foreign Policy, November — December 2001, «http://www.foreignpolicy.com/ issue_novdec_2001/lessig.html» (21 February 2002).

8. Kevin Maney, «Wireless Technology Could Sting Cellular Networks», USA Today, 1 August 2001, «http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/ ccarch/2001-08-01maney.htm» (23 February 2002).

9. Leander Kahney, «Free the Wireless Net!» Wired News, 20 September 2000, «http://www.wired.eom/news/print/0,1294,38803,00.html» (21 February 2002).

10. Kahney, «Free the Wireless Net!»

11. Peter Meyers, «Motley Crew Beams No-Cost Broadband to New York: High Speed, Freed», Village Voice, 15-21 August 2001, «http:// www.villagevoice.com/issues/0133/meyers.php» (22 February 2002).

12. Erika Jonietz, «Unwiring the Web», Technology Review, December 2001, «http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/innovationll201.asp» (22 February 2002).

13. Jonietz, «Unwiring the Web».

14. Peter Meyers, «In a Pinch, Wi-Fi Fills the Gap», New York Times, 4 October 2001, «http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/04/technology/ circuits/04ACCE.html?ex=100» (23 February 2002).

15. John Markoff, «The Corner Internet Network vs. the Cellular Giants», New York Times, 4 March 2002, «http://www.nytimes. com/2002/03/04/technology/04MESH.html» (6 March 2002).