Как избежать климатических катастроф?: План Б 4.0: спасение цивилизации - Лестер Браун

450

German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources (BGR), “African Rift Geothermal Facility (ARGeo)”, — см.: www.bgr. de/geotherm/projects/argeo.html, просмотрено автором 22 апреля 2009 г.; U. N. Environment Programme (UNEP), “Hot Prospect — Geothermal Electricity Set for Rift Valley Lift-Off in 2009”, press release (Nairobi: 9 December 2008); Bertani, op. cit. note 65, pp. 8–9; DOE, op. cit. note 3.

451

Yoko Nishikawa, “Japan Geothermal Projects Pick Up After 20 Years: Report”, Reuters, 4 January 2009; Bertani, op. cit. note 65, pp. 8–9; Lund and Freeston, op. cit. note 68, p. 46.

452

Werner Bussmann, “Germany: The Geothermal Market is Expanding”, presentation to the Renewable Energy Exhibition, Lyon, Paris, 25–28 February 2009; Jane Burgermeister, “Geothermal Electricity Booming in Germany”, Renewable Energy World, 2 June 2008; UNEP, op. cit. note 73.

453

DOE, EERE, “Energy Savers: Geothermal Heat Pumps”, материал обновлен 24 февраля 2009 г., и “Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems”, материал обновлен 30 декабря 2008 г. — см.: www.energysavers.gov; Burgermeister, op. cit. note 75.

454

Iceland National Energy Authority and Ministries of Industry and Commerce, Geothermal Development and Research in Iceland (Reykjavik, Iceland: April 2006), p. 16; World Bank, op. cit. note 67.

455

Lund and Freeston, op. cit. note 68, pp. 34, 51, 53.

456

World Bank, op. cit. note 67.

457

Там же.

458

Lund and Freeston, op. cit. note 68, pp. 46, 53.

459

Данные по США взяты из работы: Tester et al., op. cit. note 68; данные по Японии, рассчитанные на основе предположения о том, что Усовершенствованные Геотермальные Системы смогут удвоить потенциал, оцениваемый 72 000 мегаватт, взяты из работы: Hirofumi Muraoka et al., “Assessment of Hydrothermal Resource Potentials in Japan 2008”, Abstract of Annual Meeting of Geothermal Research Society of Japan (Kanazawa, Japan: 2008); Hirofumi Muraoka, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, послание, отправленное по электронной почте Дж. Мэттью Роуни, Earth Policy Institute, 13 июля 2009 г.

460

Stephen R. Gliessman, Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems, 2nd ed. (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006), p. 256; Pew Center on Global Climate Change, “Climate TechBook: Solar Power”, fact sheet (Arlington, VA: May 2009); Richter, Teske, and Short, op. cit. note 52, pp. 18–19.

461

Ralph P. Overend and Anelia Milbrandt, “Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions from Biomass by 2030” — в книге: Kutscher, op. cit. note 51, pp. 112–130; DOE, op. cit. note 51, p. 24.

462

Swedish Energy Agency, Energy in Sweden 2008 (Eskilstuna, Sweden: December 2008), pp. 96, 111.

463

Данные о населении взяты из публикации: Census Bureau, op. cit. note 1; Anders Rydaker, “Biomass for Electricity & Heat Production”, presentation at Bionergy North America 2007, Chicago, IL., 16 April 2007.

464

Oglethorpe Power Corporation, “Oglethorpe Power Announces Plans to Build Biomass Electric Generating Facilities”, press release (Tucker, GA: 18 September 2008).

465

World Alliance for Decentralized Energy, Bagasse Cogeneration — Global Review and Potential (Washington, DC: June 2004), p. 32; данные о производстве сахара взяты из публикации: U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Production, Supply and Distribution, электронная база данных — см.: www.fas.usda.gov/psfonline, обновлено 9 апреля 2009 г.

466

Waste to Energy Conference, “Power and Heat for Millions of Europeans”, press release (Bremen, Germany: 20 April 2007); Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants, “2008 Country Reports on Waste Management” — см.: www.cewep.eu, просмотрено 23 июля 2009 г.; Jeffrey Morris, “Comparative LCAs for Curbside Recycling Versus Either Landfilling or Incineration with Energy Recovery”, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, vol. 10, No. 4 (July 2005), pp. 273–284.

467

Puget Sound Energy, “King County, PSE, and BIO Energy-Washington Teaming Up to Generate Green Energy from Landfill Gas”, press release (Seattle, WA: 6 April 2009).

468

Ray C. Anderson, presentation at Chicago Climate Exchange, Chicago, IL., 14 June 2006.

469

F. O. Licht, “World Fuel Ethanol Production”, World Ethanol and Biofuels Report, vol. 7, No. 18 (26 May 2009), p. 365; F. O. Licht, “Biodiesel: World Production, by Country”, World Ethanol and Biofuels Report, vol. 7, No. 14 (26 March 2009), p. 288.

470

F. O. Licht, “World Fuel Ethanol Production”, op. cit. note 92, p. 365; Bill Guerin, “European Blowback for Asian Biofuels”, Asia Times, 8 February 2007.

471

Timothy Searchinger et al., Use of U. S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases through Emissions from Land-Use Change”, Science, vol. 319 (29 February 2008), pp. 1238–1240.

472

Joseph Fargione et al., “Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt”, Science, vol. 319 (29 February 2008), pp. 1235–1238.

473

“Biofools”, The Economist, 11 April 2009; P. J. Crutzen et al., “N2O Release from Agro-biofuel Prduction Negates Global Warming Reduction by Replacing Fossil Fuels”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 8 (29 January 2008), pp. 389–395; реакция производителей биотоплива на эти открытия описана в работе: Lauren Etter, “Ethanol Craze Cools As Doubts Multiply”, Wall Street Journal, 28 November 2007; R. W. Howarth and Stefan Bringezu, eds., Biofuels: Environmental Consequences and Interactions with Changing Land Use, Proceedings of the Scientific Committee on Problems of Enivironment (SCOPE) International Biofuels Project Rapid Assessment, 22–25 September 2008 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2009), pp. 1–13.

474

DOE, EERE, “Starch— and Sugar-Based Ethanol Feedstocks” — см.: www. afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ethanol/feedstock_starch_sugar.html, обновлено 4 февраля 2009 г.; DOE and USDA, Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply (Washington, DC: April 2005); Jason Hill et al., “Environmental, Economic, and Energetic Costs and Benefits of Biodiesel and Ethanol Biofuels”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 103, No. 30 (25 July 2006), pp. 11206–11210; M. R. Schmer et al., “Net Energy of Cellulosic Ethanol from Switchgrass”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105, No. 2 (15 January 2008), pp. 464–469; Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Communication, “Fast-Growing Trees Could Take Root as Future Energy Source”, press release (West Lafayette, IN: 23 August 2006).

475

J. E. Campbell, D. B. Lobell, and C. B. Field, “Greater Transportation Energy and GHC Ofsetts from Bioelectricity than Ethanol”, Science, vol. 324 (22 May 2009), pp. 1055–10157; DOE and USDA, op. cit. note 97, pp. i — ii.

476

Nic Lane, Issues Affecting Tidal, Wave, and In-Stream Generation Projects (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 26 November 2008).

477

IEA, World Energy Outlook 2008 (Paris: 2008), p. 165; IEA, Member Countries and Countries Beyond the OECD, электронная база данных — см.: www.iea.org/Textbase/country/index.asp, просмотрено 23 апреля 2009 г.; International Rivers Network, “Frequently Asked Question about Dams”, fact sheet (Berkley, CA: 2004).

478

“Rural Areas Get Increased Hydro Power Capacity”, Xinhua, 7 May 2007.

479

Jason Palmer, “Renewable Energy: The Tide is Turning”, New Scientist, 11 October 2008; European Commission, “Tidal Energy — Promising Sites Worldwide”, ATLAS project Web site — см.: ac.europa.eu/energy/atlas/ html/tidalsites.html, просмотрено автором 24 июня 2009 г.; ABS Energy Research, The Ocean Energy Report (London: 2009), pp. 13–23.

480

Choe Sang-Hun, “South Korea Seeks Cleaner Energy Sources”, International Herald Tribune, 9 May 2007; Choe Sang-Hun, “As Tides Ebb and Rise, South Korea Prepares to Snare Them”, International Herald Tribune, 31 May 2007; ABS Energy Research, op. cit. note 102, pp. 13–23; Lunar Energy, “British Firm Announces World’s Largest Tidal Power Development”, press release (East Yorkshire, U. K.: 11 March 2008); IEA, Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy System (IEA-OES), 2008 Annual Report (Lisbon, Portugal: February 2009), p. 83.

481

Palmer, op. cit. note 102; Choe, “As Tides Ebb and Rise”, op. cit. note 103; ABS Energy Research, op. cit. note 102, pp. 13–23; “World Electricity Installed Capacity by Type (Million Kilowatts), January 1, 2006” — в публикации: DOE, op. cit. note 3.

482

“Issued Hydrokinetic Preliminary Permits”, table in Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Hydropower-Industry Activities” — см.: www. ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/indus-act/hydrokinetics.asp, обновлено 2 июля 2009 г.; Mike Hoover, Oceana Energy Company, письмо, отправленное по электронной почте Дж. Мэттью Роуни 30 июня 2009 г.

483

Robert Silgardo et al., Finavera Renewables Inc.: Where There is Wind There is a Wave (Toronto, ON: Dundee Securities Corporation, 18 June 2007); “Issued Hydrokinetic Projects Preliminary Permits”, op. cit. note 105; сведения о Сан-Франциско взяты из статьи: Tom Zeller, Jr., “Wave Power for San Francisco?” Green Inc., — см.: Nytimes.com, 27 February 2009.

484

Pelamis Wave Power, “Aguçadouira” — см.: www.pelamiswave.com, просмотрено 23 апреля 2009 г.; Mario de Queiroz, “Portugal: Waves of Energy Come Ashore”, Inter Press Service, 24 September 2008; “Wave Hub Names Fourth Developer for Wave Energy Farm”, Renewable Energy Access, 15 May 2007; European Commission, Report on the Workshop on Hydropower and Ocean Energy — Part I: Ocean Energy (Brussels: 13 June 2007), pp. 1, 3; IEA, op. cit. note 7; “Aquamarine to Develop 1 GW of Ocean Energy”, Renewable Energy World, 24 February 2009; данные о потенциале волн взяты из публикации: World Energy Council, 2007 Survey of Energy Resources (London: 2007), p. 544; “World Electricity Installed Capacity by Type (Million Kilowatts), January 1, 2006 — в публикации: DOE, op. cit. note 3.

485

REN21, Renewables Global Status Report: 2009 Update (Paris and Washington, DC: REN21 Secretariat and Worldwatch Institute, 2009), p. 23; Lila Buckley, “Hydropower in China: Participation and Energy Diversity Are Key”, China Watch (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute and Global Environmental Institute, 24 April 2007); “Rural Areas Get Increased Hydro Power Capacity”, op. cit, note 101; Pallavi Aiyar, “China: Another Dammed Gorge”, Asia Times, 3 June 2006; Gary Duffy, “Brazil Gives Amazon Dams Go-Ahead”, BBC News, 10 July 2007; Patrick McCully, Before the Deluge: Coping with Floods in a Changing Climate (Berklley, CA: International Rivers Network, 2007), pp. 22–23.

486

DOE, EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2009 (Washington, DC: March 2009), p. 74; National Hydropower Association, “NHA Applauds President Obama and Congress for Turning to Hydro in the Stimulus”, press release (Washington, DC: 19 February 2009).

487

Таблица 5–1 разработана Earth Policy Institute, цели, которые должны быть достигнуты к 2020 г. и которые упоминаются на протяжении этой главы, и показатели на 2008 г. рассчитаны на основании данных, приведенных в следующих источниках: данные о ветре из: GWEC, op. cit. note 10, p. 10; данные о монтируемых на крышах системах производства электричества за счет солнечных лучей и электростанциях, работающих на том же источнике энергии, взяты из публикаций EPIA, op. cit. note 10, p. 3 и Rutschmann, op. cit. note 64; данные о производстве электричества из биомассы и с помощью тепла и гидроэнергии, в том числе энергии приливов и волн, взяты из: REN21, op. cit. note 108, p. 23; данные о монтируемых на крышах работающих на солнечной энергии нагревателях воды и обогревателях помещений взяты из работы: Weiss, Bergmann, and Stelzer, op. cit. note 53, p. 21; данные о геотермальной энергии и ее использовании взяты из: Tester et al., op. cit. note 68, p. 9.