Гендерное общество - Майкл Киммел

23 См.: Keller E.F. A Feeling for the Organism: The Life and Work of Barbara McCIintock, San Francisco: W.H.Freeman, 1983.

415

24 Цит. по: Ehrenreich В., English D. For Her Own Good. P. 117.

25 Dobson J.C. Straight Talk to Men and Their Wives. Dallas: Word Publishing Co., 1991. P. 177; Begley A. Why Men and Women Think Differently //Newsweek. 1995. May 12. P. 51.

26 См.: Fee E. Nineteenth Century Craniology: The Study of the Female Skull //Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1979.

Vol. 53.

27 Тернер цит. по: South Side Observer. 1896. April 29; Dwyer C.A. The Role of Tests and Their Construction in Producing Apparent Sex-Related Differences // Sex-Related Differences in Cognitive Functioning / Ed. M.Wittig, A.Peterson. New York: Academic Press, 1979. P. 342.

28Н.Гешвинд цит. по: Durden-Smith J., deSimone D. Sex and the Brain. P. 171. Из числа других авторитетных работ

по гормональным исследованиям см.: Harris G.W Sex Hormones, Brain Development and Brain Function

//Endocrinology. 1965. Vol. 75.

29 Bleier R. Science and Gender: A Critique of Biology and Its Theory on Women. New York: Pantheon, 1984.

30 Buttery A.W.H., Gray J. Sex Differences in the Development of Spacial and Linguistic Skills // Gender Differences: Their Ontogeny and Significance Ed. C.Ounsted, D.C.Taylor. London: Churchill Livingston, 1972; Levy J. Lateral Specialization of the Human Brain: Behavioral Manifestation and Possible Evolutionary Basis / The Biology of Behavior / Ed. J.A.Kiger. Eugene, Ore.: University of Oregon Press, 1972; см. также: Fausto-Sterling A. Myths of Gender. P. 40.

31 Durden-Smith J., deSimone D. Sex and the Brain. P. 60.

32 Levy J. Lateral Specialization of the Human Brain.

33 Hyde J. How Large Are Cognitive Differences? A Metanalysis // American Psychologist. 1981. Vol. 26; Hyde J., Fennema E., Laman S.J. Gender Differences in Mathematics Performance: A Meta-Analysis // Psychological Bulletin. 1990. Vol. 107.

34 Peters M. The Size of the Corpus Callosum in Males and Females: Implications of a Lack of Allometry // Canadian Journal of Psychology. 1988. Vol. 42. № 3; Lacoste-Utamsing C. de, Holloway R. Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Corpus Callosum // Science. 1982. June 25; см. также: Byne W., Bleier R., Houston L. Variations in Human Corpus Callosum Do Not Predict Gender: A Study Using'Magnetic Resonance Imaging // Behavioral Neuroscience. 1988. Vol.

102. № 2.

35 Цит. по: Schreiber L.A. The Search for His and Her Brains // Glamour. 1993. April.

36 Kinsbourne M. The Development of Lateralization // Biological and Neurological Mechanisms / Ed. H.W.Reese, M.D.Franzen. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1996.

37 Несколько авторов предлагают краткое содержание этого исследования, в т. ч.: Hamer D., Copeland P. The Science of Desire. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994; LeVay S. Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of 416

Research into Homosexuality. Cambridge: M.l.T. Press, 1996; Sexual Orientation: Toward Biological Understanding / Ed.

L.Ellis, LEbertz. New York: Praeger, 1997. Другие публикации предлагают немаловажные возражения этому научному

исследованию; см., напр.: Science and Homosexualities Ed. V.Rosario. New York: Routledge, 1997; Murphy T. Gay Science: The Ethics of Sexual Orientation Research. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997; Same Sex: Debating the Ethics, Science and Culture of Homosexuality Ed. J.Corvino. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997. Этой теме был посвящен

сдвоенный номер: Journal of Homosexuality. 1995. Vol. 28. № 1— 2. Резко отличное мнение см.: Byne W. Why We Cannot Conclude That Sexual Orientation Is Primarily a Biological Phenomenon // Journal of Homosexuality. 1997. Vol. 34. № 1; Idem.

Science and Belief: Psychobiological Research on Sexual Orientation //Journal of Homosexuality. 1995. Vol. 28. № 2.

TO

Foucault M. The History of Sexuality. New York: Pantheon, 1978. См. также: Katz J.N. The Invention of Heterosexuality. New York: E.P.Dutton, 1993.

39 Dorner G., Rohde W., Stahl E, Krell L., Masius W. A Neuroendocrine Predisposition for Homosexuality in Men // Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1975. Vol. 4. № 1. P. 6.

LeVay S. A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure Between Homosexual and Heterosexual Men // Science. 1991. Vol. 253.

August 30; Idem. The Sexual Brain. Cambridge: M.l.T. Press, 1994; LeVay S., Hamer D. Evidence for a Biological Influence in Male Homosexuality // Scientific American. 1994. Vol. 270. См. также: Born or Bred? // Newsweek. 1992. February 24.

Yahr P. Sexually Dimorphic Hypothalamic Cell Groups and a Related Pathway That Are Essential for Masculine Copulatory Behavior // The Development of Sex Differences and Similarities in Behavior / Ed. M.Haug, R.Whalen, C.Aron, K.OIsen.

Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993. P. 416.

42 43

См.: Chronicle of Higher Education. 1995. November 10.

Lewontin R., Rose S., Kamin L. Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature. New York: Pantheon, 1984.

44 Bailey J.M., Pillard R. A Genetic Study of Male Sexual Orientation // Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991. Vol. 48; Bailey J.M., Pillard R. Heritable Factors Influence Sexual Orientation in Women // Archives of General Psychiatry. 1993. Vol. 50.

Pillard R., Weinreich J. Evidence of a Familia1 Nature of Male Homosexuality //Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986. Vol. 43.

Goldberg S. The Inevitability of Patriarchy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973. P. 93.

Sapolsky R. The Trouble with Testosterone. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997 P. 155.

Kemper T. Testosterone and Social Structure. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990; Kling A. Testosterone and Aggressive Behavior in Man and Non-human Primates // Hormonal Correlates of Behavior / Ed. B.Eleftheriou, R.Sprott. New York: Plenum, 1975.

14 Гсндсрноо общество

417

49 Money J., Ehrhardt A. Man and Woman, Boy and Girl. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972.

50 Ehrhardt A., Baker S.W. Fetal Androgens, Human Central Nervous System Differentiation, and Behavior Sex Differences // Sex Differences in Behavior / Ed. R.Friedman, R.M.Richart, R.L.Van de Wiele. Huntington, N.Y.: Krieger, 1978. P. 49.

51 Fausto-Sterling A. Myths of Gender. P. 136-137.

52 Yalom I., Green R., Fisk N. Prenatal Exposure to Female Hormones — Effect on Psychosexual Development in Boys // Archives of General Psychiatry.

1973. Vol. 28.

53 Steinem G. If Men Could Menstruate // Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983.

54 Durden-Smith J., deSimone D. Sex and the Brain. P. 92.

55 Dorner G., Schenk В., Schmiedel В., Ahrens L. Stressful Events in Prenatal Life of Bisexual and Homosexual Men // Explorations in Clinical Endocrinology. 1983. Vol. 81. P. 87. См. также: Dorner G. et al. Prenatal Stress As a Possible Paetiogenic Factor of Homosexuality in Human Males // Endokrinologie. 1983. Vol. 75; Dorner G., Gotz F., Ohkawa Т., Rohde W, Stahl F, Tonjes R. Prenatal Stress and Sexual Brain Differentiation in Animal and Human Beings // Abstracts. International Academy of Sex Research. Thirteenth Annual Meeting, Tutzing, June 21—25, 1987.

Противоположная позиция представлена в разумной статье: Schmidt G., Clement U. Does Peace Prevent Homosexuality? // Journal of Homosexuality. 1995. Vol. 28. № 1-2.

См.: Dreger A.D. Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998; Hekma G. «A Female Soul ina Male Body»: Sexuai Inversion as Gender Inversion in Nineteenth Century Sexology

// Third Sex, Third Gender / Ed. G.Herdt. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1993.

со

См.: Imperato-McGinley J. et al. Steroid 5-alpha Reductase Deficiency in Man: An Inherited Form of Pseudohermaphroditism // Science.

1974. Vol. 186; Imperato-McGinley J. et al. Androgens and the Evolution of Male-Gender Identity among Male Pseudohermaphrodites with 5-alpha Reductase Deficiency // New England Journal of Medicine. 1979. Vol. 300. P.

1235. Отличное краткое изложение см.: Herdt G. Mistaken Sex: Culture, Biology and the Third Sex in New Guinea // Third Sex, Third Gender / Ed. G.Herdt.

59 Herdt G. Mistaken Sex.

60 Цит. по: Tavris C., Wade C. The Longest War. P. 208-209.

61 Dobson J.C. Straight Talk to Men and Their Wives. P. 184.

62 Goldberg S. The Inevitability of Patriarchy. P. 233—234; см. также: Fausto-Sterling A. Myths of Gender. P. 124.

63 Lewontin R. et al. Not in Our Genes. P. 147.

64 Gender and the Life Course / Ed. A.Rossi. Chicago: Aldine, 1982.

418

65 Rist D.Y Are Homosexuals Born That Way? // The Nation. 1992. October 19. P. 427; Born or Bred? //

Newsweek. 1992. February 24.

D'Emilio J. Making Trouble: Essays on Gay History. New York: Routledge, 1992. P. 187.

67 См., напр.: Levine M.P. Gay Macho: The Life and Death of the Homosexual Clone. New York: New York University Press, 1997; см. также: Gagnon J., Simon W. Sexual Conduct. Chicago: Aldine, 1973.

68 Whisman V. Queer by Choice. New York: Routledge, 1992.

Bunch C. Lesbians in Revolt // Feminist Frameworks / Ed. AJaggar, P.Rothenberg. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984.

P. 144.

70 LeVay S. The Sexual Brain. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1994. P. 6.

71 Hubbard R. The Political Nature of Human Nature // Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference / Ed.

D.Rhode. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. P. 69.

72 Padgug R.A. On Conceptualizing Sexuality in History // Radical History Review. 1979. Vol. 20. P. 9.

Hofstadter R. Social Darwinism in American Thought. New York: Random House, 1944. P. 204.

Begley A. Why Men and Women Think Differently // Newsweek. 1995. May.

Глава 3

См., напр.: Sacks К. Engels Revisited: Women, Organization of Production, and Private Property // Women, Culture and Society / Ed. M.Rosaldo, L.Lamphere. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974; Idem. Sisters and Wives: The Past and Future of Sexual Equality. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1979.

Т

Mead M. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. New York: William Morrow, 1935. Такие критики, как

Дерек -Зримей, считают, что Мид, как и биологи, которых она критиковала, на^ла то, что искала, особенно на

островах Самоа, где, скорее всего, она просто придумала некоторые детали. Но вызовы, брошенные основным

взглядам Мид по вопросам культурных вариаций в тендерных ролях, выраженным в ее работе, посвященной

архипелагу Новая Гвинея, сами являются необоснованными и неубедительными.

Mead M. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. P. 29, 35, 57-58,84, 101, 128.

Mead M. Male and Female. New York: William Morrow, 1949. P. 69; Idem. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. P. 171.

Mead M. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. P. 189, 190, 197; Idem. Male and Female. P. 98.

14*

Mead M. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. P. 228.

419

7 Zihlman A. Woman the Gatherer: The Role of Women in Early Hominid Evolution // Gender and Anthropology /

Ed. S.Morgen. Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, 1989. P. 31.

8 Engets F. On the Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. New York: International Publishers, 1970.

9 Leacock E. Women's Status in Egalitarian Society: Implications for Social Evolution // Current Anthropology.

1978. Vol. 19. № 2. P. 252; см. также: Idem. Montagnais Women and the Jesuit Program for Colonization //

Women and Colonization / Ed. M.Etienne, E.Leacock. New York: Praeger, 1980.

10 Sacks K. Engels Revisited; Idem. Sisters and Wives.

" Harris M. Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches: The Riddle of Culture. New York: Random House, 1974; Idem.

Cannibals and Kings. New York: Random House, 1977.

12 Tiger L, Fox R. The Imperial Animal. New York: Holt, 1971.

13 Levi-Strauss C. The Elementary Structures of Kinship. London: Tavistock, 1969; см. также: Collier J., Rosaldo M. Politics and Gender in Simple Societies // Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality /

Ed. S.B.Ortner, H.Whitehead. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

14 Bacon M.K., Barry H., Child l.L. A Cross-Cultural Survey of Some Sex Differences in Socialization // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1957. Vol. 55. № 3. P. 327-332.

15 Brown J. A Note on the Division of Labor by Sex // American Anthropologist. 1970. Vol. 72. № 5.

16 Coltrane S. The Micropolitics of Gender in Nonmdustrial Societies // Gender & Society. 1992. Vol. 6. № 1; Mead M. Male and Female. P. 189, 190.

17 Spain D. Gendered Spaces. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992; Idem. The Spatial Foundations of Men's Friendships and Men's Power // Men's Friendships / Ed. P.Nardi. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1992.

18 Gregor T. No Girls Allowed // Science. 1982. Vol. 82.

19 Sanday P.R. Female Power and Male Dominance. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981. P. 75, 128. См.

также: Lepowsky M. Gender in an Egalitarian Society: A Case Study from the Coral Sea // Beyond the Second Sex: New Directions in the Anthropology of Gender / Ed. P.R.Sanday, R.G.Goodenough. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.

20 См.: Tavris C., Wade C. The Longest War. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1984. P. 330-331.

21 См.: Sanday P.R. Fraternity Gang Rape. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

22 Whiting J.W., Kluckhohn R., Anthony A. The Function of Male Initiation Ceremonies at Puberty // Readings in Social Psychology / Ed. E.Maccoby, T.M.Newcomb, E.L.Hatley. New York: Henry Holt, 1958.

23 Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. New York: Franklin Watts, 1983. P. 104.

420

24 Цит. по: Abusharaf R.M. Unmasking Tradition // The Sciences. 1998. March/April. P. 23.

2S

См., напр.: Zoske J. Male Circumcision: A Gender Perspective // Journal of Men's Studies. 1998. Vol. 6. № 2.

2 Paige K., Paige J. The Politics of Reproductive Ritual. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.

27 Tavris C., Wade C. The Longest War. P. 314; см. также: Paige K., Paige J. The Politics of Reproductive Ritual; Mernissi F.

Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in a Modern Muslim Society. New York: Wiley, 1975.