Как избежать климатических катастроф?: План Б 4.0: спасение цивилизации - Лестер Браун

844

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Sustaining State Programs for Tobacco Control: Data Highlights 2006 (Atlanta, GA: 2006).

845

Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, “State Cigarette Excise Tax Rank and Ratings, fact sheet (Washington, DC: 28 May 2009); Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, “Raising Cigarette Taxes Reduces Smoking, Especially Among Kids (And the Cigarette Companies Know It)”, fact sheet (Washington, DC: 9 January 2009); Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, “Cigarette Tax Increases by State per Year 2000–2009”, fact sheet (Washington, DC: 28 May 2009).

846

Косвенные расходы на бензин рассчитаны на основе данных Международного центра оценки технологий (ICTA), The Real Price of Gasoline, Report No. 3 (Washington, DC: 1998), p. 34, и обновлены на основе следующей публикации: ICTA, Gasoline Cost Externalities Associated with Global Climate Change: An Update to CTA’s Real Price of Gallon Report (Washington, DC: September 2004), ITCA, Gasoline Cost Externalities: Security and Protection Services: An Update to CTA’s Real Price of Gasoline Report (Washington, DC: Janyary 2005), Terry Tamminen, Lives per Gasoline: The True Cost of Our Oil Addiction (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2006), p. 60 и из публикации Бюро экономического анализа “Table 3 — Price Indices for Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Analysis”, GDP and Other Major Series, 1929–2007 (Washington, DC: August 2007); U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Information Administration (EIA), This Week in Petroleum (Washington, DC: various issues); (EIA), “US Weekly Retail”, Retail Gasoline Historical Prices (Washington, DC: 15 June 2009).

847

American Petroleum Institute, State Gasoline Tax Report (Washington DC: 1 April 2009); DOE, EIA, “Weekly (Monday) Retail Premium Gasoline Prices, Selected Countries” — см.: www.eia.doe.gov/emeu, материал обновлен 16 июня 2009 г.; данные о потреблении бензина взяты у Международного энергетического агентства (IEA) и из электронной базы данных World Resources Institute, “Energy and Resources: Energy Consumption by Source: Oil and Petroleum Products (2005), EarthTrends — см.: www. earthtrends.wri.org, материал обновлен в 2007 г.

848

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, “Cigarette Price Increase Follows Tobacco Pact”, Agricultural Outlook, January— February 1999.

849

Markus Knigge and Benjamin Gorlach, Effects of Germany’s Ecological Tax Reforms on the Environment, Employment and Technological Innovation: Summary of the Final Report of the Project (Berlin: Ecologic Institute for International and European Environmental Policy, August 2005); Michael Renner, Sean Sweeney, and Jill Kubit, Green Jobs: Towards Decent Work in a Sustainable, Low Carbon World (Nairobi: UNEP, 2008), p. 97.

850

Оценка перераспределения налогового бремени в Швеции сделана на основании данных, приведенных в статье: Paul Ekins and Stefan Speck, “Environmental Tax Reform in Europe: Energy Tax Rates and Competitiveness” — в книге: Nathalie J. Chalifour et al., Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 77– 105; Ministry of Finance, Sweden, “Taxation and the Environment”, press release (Stockholm: 25 May 2005); размеры семей взяты из публикаций: Target Group Index, “Household Size”, Global TGI Barometer (Miami: 2005; U. N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Database — см.: esa.un.org/unpp, материал обновлен 11 марта 2009; Andrew Hoerner and Benoit Bosquet, Environmental Tax Reform: The European Experience (Washington, DC: Center for a Sustainable Economy, 2001); European Environment Agency, Environmental Taxes: Recent Developments in Tools for Integration, Environmental Issues Series No. 18 (Copenhagen: 2000); результаты опросов взяты из книги: David Malin Roodman, The Natural Wealth of Nations (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998), p. 243.

851

Redefining Progress, op. cit. note 7; N. Gregory Mankiw, “Gas Tax Now!”, Fortune, 24 May 1999, pp. 60–64.

852

Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants, Landfill Taxes and Bans (Brussels: April 2007); Tom Miles, “London Drivers to Pay UK’s First Congestion Tax”, Reuters, 28 February 2002; Energy Council, Energy Efficiency Policies and Indicators (London: 2001), Annex 1;

“DONG satisfied with Electric Car Tax Relief”, Copenhagen Post, 22 May 2009; Nick Kurczewski, “Scariest Place in the World to Buy a Car”, New York Times Wheels Blog, 7 May 2008; Office of the Mayor, “Car Plate Prices Climb” (Shanghai: 21 June 2009).

853

South Australian Fisheries Management Series, Management Plan for the South Australian Southern Zone Rock Lobster Fishery (Adelaide, South Australia: 2007); South Australian Research and Development Institute, Southern Zone Rock Lobster (Jasus edwarsdsii), Fishery, assessment report to PIRSA (Adelaide, South Australia: 2008).

854

Письмо Эдвина Кларка автору, 25 июля 2001 г.

855

Andreˆ de Moor and Peter Calamai, Subsidizing Unsustainable Development (San Joseˆ, Costa Rica: Earth Council, 1997).

856

World Bank, World Development Report 2003 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 30, 142; IEA, World Energy Outlook 2006 (Paris: 2006), p. 279.

857

Данные по Бельгии, Франции и Японии взяты из работы: Seth Dunn, “King Coal’s Weakening Grip on Power”, World Watch, September/October 1999, pp. 10–19; данные по Германии взяты из публикации: UNEP, Reforming Energy Subsides: Opportunities to Contribute to the Climate Change Agenda см. с. 335 (одна строка) 2006 (Washington, DC: October 2008), Table 1.4; данные о сокращении субсидий в Китае, Индонезии и Нигерии взяты из публикации: GTZ Transport Policy Advisory Service, International Fuel Prices 2007 (Eschborn, Germany: April 2007), p. 3.

858

John Whitelegg and Spencer Fitz-Gibbon, Aviation’s Economic Downside, 3rd ed. (London: Green Party of England & Wales, 2003); перевод сумм в британских фунтах стерлингов в их долларовый эквивалент выполнен на основе обменного курса, установленного МВФ на август 2007 г. — cм.: “Representative Exchange Rates for Selected Currencies in August 2007”, Exchange Rate Archives by Month — на сайте: www.imf.org/external; просмотрено автором 16 августа 2007 г.; U. N. Population Division, op. cit. note 14.

859

Doug Koplow, Subsidies in the U. S. Energy Sector: Magnitude, Causes, and Options for Reform (Cambridge, MA: Earth Track, November 2006); cообщение, посланное Дугом Коплоу по электронной почте Джесси Роббинс, Earth Policy Institute, 2 июля 2009 г.

860

Стоимость субсидий рыболовству включает «невозвратные» субсидии и субсидии на горючее, оцененные в публикации: Fisheries Center, Catching More Bait: A Bottom-Up Re-Estimation of Global Fisheries Subsidies (2nd Version), (Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia, 2006), p. 21.

861

Coal Moratorium NOW! “Progress Towards a Coal Moratorium: 59 Coal Plants Cancelled or Shelved in 2007”, press release (San Francisco: 17 January 2008); Mark Clayton, “Rising Construction Costs and Potential Climate Legislation in Congress Halt at Least 18 Proposed Power Plants in the Past Nine Months”, Christian Science Monitor, 25 October 2007; Janet Larsen, “Coal Takes Heavy Human Toll”, Eco-Economy Update (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 24 August 2004).

862

Sierra Club, “Stopping the Coal Rush”, доступная в режиме онлайн электронная база данных, оценка выполнена 23 июля 2009 г. — см.: www.sierraclub.org/enivvironmentallaw/coal/plantlist.asp; дискуссия Кэтлин Краст, Sierra Club, с Джесси Роббинс, Earth Policy Institute, 23 июля 2009 г.

863

Opinion Research Corporation, A Post Fossil-Fuel America: Are Americans Ready to Make the Shift? (Princeton, NJ: October 2007).

864

Andrew Ross Sorkin, “A Buyout Deal That Has Many Shades of Green”, New York Times, 26 February 2007; “Texas Decision Could Double Wind Power Capacity in the U. S.”, Renewable Energy Access, 4 October 2007.

865

Timothy Gardner, “Florida Gov. Might Allow New Coal Power Plants”, Reuters, 4 October 2007; письмо Бака Паркера, Earthjustice, автору в октябре 2007 г.; Coal Moratorium NOW! op. cit. note 25.

866

Jim Jelter, “Coal Stocks Tumble on Citigroup Downgrade”, Market-Watch, 18 July 2007; Steve James, “Coal Shares Fall After Merrill Downgrade”, Reuters, 3 January 2008; Citigroup, “Leading Wall Street Banks Establish the Carbon Principles”, press release (New York: 4 February 2008); Jeffrey Ball, “Wall Street Shows Skepticism Over Coal”, Wall Street Journal, 4 February 2008; Jeffrey Ball, “Bank of America Puts a Price on Carbon”, Wall Street Journal, 13 February 2008.

867

Martin Griffith, “Reid Fights New Coal-Fired Plants” (Salt Lake City) Desert News, 26 August 2007; Nicholas D. Kristof, “The Big Melt”, New York Times, 16 August 2007; Governor Jennifer M. Granholm, “Priorities for Michigan’s Economic Future: Jobs, Education and Protecting Families”, State of the State Address, 3 February 2009; State of Washington 60th Legislature, Climate Change — Mitigating Impacts, Engrossed Substitute Senate Bill 6001, Chapter 307, Laws of 2007, 22 July 2007; Carla Vigue, “Governor Says No to Coal for State Heating Plants in Madison”, press release (Madison, WI: Office of the Governor, 1 August 2008); Audrey Chang, “California Takes on Power Plant Emissions: SB 1368 Sets Groundbreaking Greenhouse Gas Performance Standard”, fact sheet (New York: Natural Resources Defense Council, August 2007); Gardner, op. cit. note 29.

868

Granholm, op. cit. note 31.

869

Kristen Lombardi, Coal Ash: The Hidden Story: How Industry and the EPA Failed to Stop a Growing Environmental Disaster (Washington, DC: Center for Public Integrity, 19 February 2009).

870

Там же; “Enviros Demand Locations of 44 ‘High Hazard’ Coal Ash Sites”, Environmental News Service, 19 June 2009.

871

James Hansen, “Why We Can’t Wait”, The Nation, 7 May 2007; Noelle Straub and Peter Behr, “Energy Regulatory Chief Says New Coal, Nuclear Plants May Be Unnecessary”, Greenwire, 22 April 2009.

872

Supreme Court of the United States, Massachusetts et al. v. Environmental Protection Agency et al. No. 05–1120, 549 U. S. 497, решение вынесено 2 апреля 2007 г., Washington, DC: Environmental Appeals Board, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, “In Re: Desert Power Electric Cooperative, PSD Permit No. PSD-OU-0002–04.00” (Washington, DC: 13 November 2008); David Biello, “EPA Ruling Halts All New Coal-Fired Power Plants”, Scientific American, 14 November 2008; Deborah Zabarenko, “EPA Finds Greenhouse Gases Endanger Health”, Reuters, 23 March 2009.

873

Sierra Club, “Beyond Coal” — см.: www.sierraclub.org/coal, просмотрено автором 25 июня 2009 г.

874

Письмо Матиаса Белла, Rocky Mountain Institute, Джесси Роббинсу, Earth Policy Institute, посланное по электронной почте 30 июня 2009 г.; Natalie Mims, Mathias Bell, and Stephen Doig, Assessing the Electric Productivity Gap and the U. S. Efficiency Opportunity (Snowmass, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, January 2009).

875

Erik Shuster, Tracking New Coal-Fired Power Plants (Pittsburgh, PA: DOE, National Energy Technology Laboratory, January 2009); Julie Clendenin and Shawna Seldon, “Wind Energy Grows by Record 8300 MW in 2008”, press release (Washington, DC: American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), 27 January 2009); AWEA, U. S. Wind Energy Projects, электронная база данных — см.: www.awea.org/projects, обновлено 31 декабря 2008 г.